Author Guidelines

We welcome articles of 4,000 words or less on topics and related topics. Articles must be aligned to the Chiedza style sheet. Articles, book reviews, poems, and creative short stories not necessarily reflecting these topics are also welcome but thematic articles will be given priority. All articles are to be sent by email to the Editor-in-Chief at chiedza@arrupe.ac.zw on or before the due date. See the Call for papers information.

NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief of Chiedza at chiedza@arrupe.ac.zw. The text should be neatly typed, double-spaced and using software that is compatible with MS Word. The List of Sources should be single spaced. The length of articles should be around 4000 words or less. However, longer articles will also be considered for publication, if their content justifies their length. An abstract of 200 words in length, covering the main factual points of the article, its objectives, the methods that have been employed, and the results and conclusions that have been arrived at should accompany the article. A list of at least six keywords for abstracting and indexing services should be placed at the end of the abstract.

REFERENCES

Chiedza uses the latest Modern Language Association (MLA) format for referencing source materials. Under this format reference to sources is in the form of citations in parentheses within the text, and an accompanying List of Sources at the end of the article.  

MLA DOCUMENTATION FORMAT

 The Modern Language Association (MLA) sets the rules on how we acknowledge sources used in a research paper. The current version of MLA is the 8^th edition.

 Differences between 7th and 8th editions of the MLA

Unlike in the 7^th edition where there was no indication that 20.3 referred to volume and issue in periodical citations, the 8^th edition introduces “vol. and no.” during citation of an article in a magazine or journal.

Example of MLA 7

Munyoro, Gibson. “Chimurenga in the Era of Pandemic.” Chimurenga Digest 19.3 (2021): 22-32. Print.

Example of same citation in MLA 8

Munyoro, Gibson. “Chimurenga in the Era of Pandemic.” Chimurenga Digest vol. 19, no. 3, 2021, pp. 22-32.

 Omitting the publisher from some source types: The mention of publisher is not required when periodicals are referenced. Likewise, when the website has matching name with the publisher.

 Omitting the city of publication: Other MLA versions indicated the city where the publisher was located. In the 8^th edition, the city of the publisher is not needed. However, when an author publishes a version in different countries, the city of publication may be included.

To acknowledge sources in MLA 8^th edition is of two very simple styles: in-text parenthetical citation and Works Cited /Bibliography.

• Both the parenthetical citation and works cited acknowledge sources cited in a written essay and allow readers to verify these same sources.

 Parenthetical/in-text citation

• As a principle, information in the parenthesis should complement, not repeat, information given in the text.
• When the name of an author is mentioned in a sentence, we do not repeat it in the parenthetical citation; we give only a page reference. If the name is not mentioned in the sentence, then we give the author’s last name and a page reference.
• The punctuation mark comes after the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that contains the citation.

Example 1. Gibson Munyoro argues that AJU is capable of producing graduates who are capable of running industrial farms (12-13, 17, 20). What he means is that AJU students have been trained to creatively engage professions like mechanized farming; this is because “the curriculum at AJU exposes students to different skills set” (Munyoro 18).

[This is a situation of multiple pages in the single source where the key idea of Munyoro is expressed. Also, when the author is not mentioned in the sentence, his last name appears in parenthesis]

• The church recommends the formation and empowerment of youths since, “The youths are the future of the Catholic Church and the valuable tool for evangelization…” (Gaudium et Spes, paragraph 234).
  Note: the three dots in this quote indicate that I have left out some words in the passage. The use of paragraph with page number is explained in the section below where the citation of church documents is discussed.

Example 2, when multiple sources are used

• While one school claims that AJU is capable of producing graduates (Kiyimba 27-28) who can run industrial farms (Munyoro and Kiyimba 78-79), others disagree and consider AJU as seminary oriented (Chinotimba 28,34; Mumbi 123-134; Smith 55).
• According to some scholars, graduates of AJU have shown their capacity to run industrial farms and small businesses (Munyoro and Kiyimba 78-79; Tendai 123).

Example 3,

Lisa Lowe makes a strong case against Western liberalism and observes that, “Even as it proposes inclusivity, liberalism’s gestures of definition divide the human and the nonhuman, classify the normative, and pathologize deviance” (Lowe 91). Driven by the energies of dualistic differentiation of self and other, the practice of liberalism necessarily takes the form of an exercise of individual freedom against a demonized other.

In its very unique perspective on liberalism, James Baldwin’s Another Country highlights how liberal privileges are rationed to American blacks by emboldening stereotyping of and discrimination against African-Americans (3).

Block quote – We use a block quote when the cited material is more than four typed lines. This quote does not use quotation marks and it is set off half inch from the left margin. For example,

One unflattering feature in Another Country is liberalism’s hegemonic politics and its disruption of effective communication and collaboration between whites and blacks in a pluralistic culture and multi-ethnic society. Joseph Clooney describes the novel’s plot as unveiling

the overvaluation of the self to the negative categorizing of “the other” according to liberalism’s binary oppositions -- a system of values that makes impossible cultural hybridity and multiculturalism. Invariably, such societal practices constitute obstacles for blacks to experience true freedom in the United States, and these practices make one wonder whether America’s proclamation of liberal values for all is justified: Is America’s indulgence in a stereotypical perception of “the other” a leftover of the colonial past or a fundamental principle of its constitution? (32)

Take note: The question mark/period is always placed before the parenthetical citation; no punctuation mark after the citation.

Another instance of block quote

Inattentiveness and procrastination constitute the Achilles heels of most first-year students at AJU. This is because those who are distracted and wait for the night-before due-dates to work on a given assignment tend to be overwhelmed when they eventually become aware of what is required of their assignments. Such constant habit of procrastination

makes the individual to become even more harried and careless in roles and functions they perform…. Such first-year students are more likely to be overwhelmed and turn in very poor work and, in consequence, earn poor grades that then make the students to begin to feel demoralized and uninterested in the very courses they ought to be excited about. (Clooney 134-135)

Note: the dots in this quote indicate that I have left out some words in the passage I copied from Clooney’s publication. It must always be four dots when a new sentence follows the omission, and three dots when the omission is from the middle of one sentence to the middle of another sentence.

Indirect source – refers to quote found in another work; and the source containing the quote is not readily available to the writer.

In his evaluation of the schedule for sports at AJU, Mapira Talent insists:

There ought to be stipulated time for sports at AJU, since such will help in the wholistic development of students. Sports allow students to socialize and learn essential skill sets like team building, collaboration, and discipline. When there is no intentional promotion of sports in the curriculum, students may never develop in areas other than academics. (Qtd. in Kiyimba et al. 450-451)

 MLA Reference of Books

 In principle, works cited/bibliography details are always on a separate page.

• The various sources are arranged in meticulously alphabetical order
• --- is used when you engage multiple sources by one author. You list the sources alphabetically under the author’s name. {See the case of James Baldwin below}
• Capitalization and punctuation in the bibliography: we capitalize the first letter of each word, but do not capitalize conjunctions, prepositions, or articles (an, the) unless when such is at the beginning of the title or subtitle. For example, Long Walk to Freedom; The River on the Bend; The Lion and the Jewel; Logotherapy: With God in the Jungle.

 Book by one author - begin with the author’s last name, followed by other details as presented below:

• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. Racism Without Racists.Rowman 7 Littlefield Publishers, 2014. 
• van Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.
• Gutmann, Amy. Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race. Princeton UP, 1996.

 In-text/parenthetical citation: (Gutmann 123); (Bonilla-Silva vii); (van Burke 87)

Book by two authors – include the names of authors in the order in which they are presented in the work. Reverse only the first of the names like this:

• Appiah, Anthony K., and Amy Gutmann. Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race. Princeton UP, 1996.

 In-text citation: (Appiah and Gutmann 11)

Book by three or more authors – include the names of authors in the order in which they are presented in the work. Reverse only the first of the names like this:

• Appiah, Anthony K., et al. Color Politics: The Morality of Nepotism. MIT P, 2018.

In-text citation - (Appiah et al. 170)

 MLA general rule for essay or chapter in edited books or anthologies

In the citation of an essay or chapter in an edited book or compilation, the details are given thus:

1. The name of the author(s)
2. The title of the chapter or essay
3. The title of the book
4. Editor(s)/compiler(s) of the book
5. the publisher
6. date of publication
7. inclusive page numbers of the cited piece

A chapter in a book

• Cohen, G. A. “Self-Ownership, World Ownership, and Equality.” Justice and Equality: Here and Now, edited by Frank S. Lucash, Cornell UP, 1986, pp.108-135.
• Matustik, Martin Beck. “Between Hope and Terror: Habermas and Derrida Plead for the Im/Possible.” The Derrida-Habermas Reader, edited by Lasse Thomassen et al., The University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 278-296.

In-text citation - (Matustik 284); (Cohen 110)

Article in a book

Tariro, Tendai Hazel. “Reaching Out: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender.” Religious Order and Hospitality: Gender in the Host-Guest Relationship, edited by Reverend F. Chipo, Lexington Books, 2010, pp. 109-24.

In-text citation: (Tariro 111)

Making reference to the editor(s) in an anthology or collection of essays

• Lucash, Frank S., editor. Justice and Equality: Here and Now, Cornell UP, 1986, pp. iii-xii.
• Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

MLA Reference of article in a journal

 Article by one author - begin with the author’s last name, followed by other details of the journal as presented below:

• Dunning, Stefanie. “Parallel Perversions: Interracial and Same Sexuality in James Baldwin’s Another Country.” Melus, vol. 26, no. 4, Winter 2001, pp. 95-112.

In-text citation: (Dunning 110)

Article by two authors – include the names of authors in the order in which they are presented in the work. Reverse only the first of the names like this:

• Ehrenberg, John, and Cornel West. “Left Matters: An Interview with Cornel West.” New Political Science, 33, no.3, September 2011, pp. 357-369.

 In-text citation: (Ehrenberg and West 362)

Article by three or more authors – include the names of authors in the order in which they are presented in the work. Reverse only the first of the names like this:

• West, Cornel, et al. “Left Matters: The Morality of Nepotism.” New Political Science, 33, no.3, September 2017, pp. 1-11.

In-text citation: (West et al. 10)

Encyclopedia or reference entry – in print

Viviano, Benedict T. “The Birth of Jesus (1:18-25).” The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, edited by Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy, Prentice Hall, 1990, pp. 12-70.

In-text citation: (Viviano 12)

Encyclopedia or reference entry – in an online database

Boughton, Barbara. “Dance Therapy.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 2^nd edition, vol. 2, Gale, 2006, pp. 713-716. Gale Virtual Reference Library, Web. 3 April 2021.

In-text citation: (Boughton 715)

 “Cloning.” Bioethics for Students: Issues in Medicine, Animal Rights and the Environment, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, Web. 9 October 2020.

In-text citation: (“Cloning”)

Personal Interview

Gomez, María. “Telephone Interview,” 22 Oct. 2014.

In-text citation: As she further explains her point, Gomez claims “goat is masculine...” (Telephone Interview).

 Rosser, James. “Personal Interview,” 20 Nov. 1992.

In-text citation: Although the average Haitian peasant calls himself a catholic and views himself as such, as one peasant puts it, “One must be Catholic to serve the loa” (Rosser).

Sound Recording

Mars, Bruno. “That’s What I Like.” Rec. 9 May 2018. The Essence of Bruno Mars. Columbia, 2021. CD.

In-text citation: (Mars, “That’s What I Like”)

E-mail

Bruggink, John. “Occurrence of Black Bears in Mount Pleasant.” Message to Kevin McDonough. 23 Aug. 2009. E-mail.

Tweet

Athar, Sohaib (ReallyVirtual). “Helicopter Hovering above Mount Pleasant Suburbs at 1:00am (is a rare event).” 1 September 2018, 12:58 PM. Tweet. [Use

your local time zone.]

Web Page

Burt, Sharon. “Maya Angelou.” Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color. Dept. of English and Program of American Studies, U of Nebraska, 23 Aug. 2000. Web. 16 Oct. 2018.

Citing a blog – Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Post.” Blog Name, Publisher (only include this information if it is different than the name of the blog site), Date blog post was published, Link to post (omit http:// or https://).

 Chigarande, Amanda. "Women in the Capitalist Kingdom." RoaringElephant, Feminist Enterprise, 23 November 2020, www.roaringelephant.com/guides/women-in-the-capitalist-kingdom/

 Munyoro, Christian. “Ten Values of the ZANU-PF Caucus.” CriticalEye, 4 August 2017, www.criticaleye.com/guides/ten-values-of-the-zanupf-caucus/

Video from a Database

“Martin Luther King Clip Reel, 1986.” Films Media Group, 2007. Films on Demand. Web. 22 October 2018.

Video on the Web (YouTube, TED Talks)

West, Kanye, performing “Mercy.” YouTube. KanyeWestVEVO, 6 June 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.

 PBS NewsHour. “President Obama Makes Statement on Eric Garner Decision.” YouTube. YouTube, 3 Dec. 2014. Web. 5 Dec. 2014.

 Kundari, Martin. “How Socrates was Unjustly Killed.” TED. TED, August 2020. Web. 4 January 2021.

Church documents

 Second Vatican Council.  Gaudium et Spes (GS). 7 December 1965. The Holy See. Web. 4 April 2020.

 Benedict XVI, “Message for the 2010 World Day of Peace,” 1 January 2010.

In-text citation (Pope Benedict XVI, paragraph 2)

Note: when the document is printed as a text in pages, you use (Pope Benedict XVI 2); but when in paragraphs, you use (Pope Benedict XVI, paragraph 2).

Pope Francis. Encyclical Letter: Laudato Si’ of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home, Vatican Press, 2015. The Holy See. Web. 24 September 2015.

In-text citation – (Laudato Si, paragraph 233)

Pope Benedict XVI. “Encyclical Letter: Caritas in Veritate,” 29 June 2009, Vatican Press, 2009. The Holy See. Web. 24 September 2015.

In-text citation – (Caritas in Veritate, paragraph 17)

Pope Benedict XVI. “Homily for the Solemn Inauguration of the Petrine Ministry,” 24 April 2005, Vatican Press, 2018.

In-text citation – (“Homily for the Solemn Inauguration of the Petrine Ministry”)

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). Global Climate Change: A Plea for Dialogue, Prudence and the Common Good (15 June 2001).

In-text citation: First mention in full and page or paragraph number.

Subsequent mentions use (USCCB 3) when the document is in pages, or  (USCCB, paragraph 3) when the document is in paragraphs.

Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference. Pastoral Statement on the Environmental Crisis, 5 September 1999. The SACBC Cohort. Web. 24 September 2018.

Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, Social Affairs Commission (CCCB-SAC). Pastoral Letter: You Love All that Exists. All Things are Yours, God, Lover of Life (4 October 2003).

In-text citation: (CCCB-SAC, paragraph 1).

Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC). Raymond E. Brown, et al., editors, Prentice Hall, 1990.

In-text citation: (CCC, paragraph 2416).

Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae, I, q. 104, art. 1 ad 4. [interpret this as Summa Theologiae part 1, question 104, article 1, adversus/objections 4]

• Take note: you cite the Summabased on its structure. It has three main divisions called Parts; each part is composed of Questions; questions are dealt with in Articles, each made up of five sections.

Works Cited

Appiah, Anthony K., and Amy Gutmann. Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race. Princeton UP, 1996.

Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich. “Discourse in the Novel.” The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, translated by Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson, University of Texas Press, 1981, pp. 259-422.

---. “Epic and Novel.” The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, translated by Michael Holquist and Caryl Emerson, University of Texas Press, 1981, pp. 3-40.

Baldwin, James. “A Letter from the South.” Nobody Knows My Name: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 197-208.

---. Another Country: James Baldwin Early Novels and Stories, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, pp. 361-756.

---. “Everybody’s Protest Novel.” Notes of a Native Son: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 11-18.

---. “Faulkner and Desegregation.” Nobody Knows My Name: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 209-214.

---. “In Search of a Majority.” Nobody Knows My Name: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 215-221.

---. “Many Thousands Gone.” Notes of a Native Son: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 19-34.

---. “Notes of a Hypothetical Novel.” Nobody Knows My Name: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 222-230.

---. “Stranger in the Village.” Harper’s Magazine, vol. 207, July 1953, pp. 42-48.

---. The Fire Next Time: James Baldwin Collected Essays, edited by Toni Morrison, The Library of America, 1998, 291-347.

Colander, David C., et al., editors. Race, Liberalism, and Economics, University of Michigan Press, 2004.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Continuum, 1997.

Goyal, Yogita. “The Transnational Turn and Postcolonial Studies.” The Cambridge Companion to Transnational American Literature, edited by Yogita Goyal, Cambridge UP, 2017, pp. 53-71.

Habermas, Jürgen. Communication and the Evolution of Society, translated by Thomas McCarthy, Beacon Press, 1979, pp. xxiv-23.

---. “The Reconstructing of Terrorism.” Philosophy in the Time of Terror: Dialogue with Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, edited by Giovanna Borradori, The University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 45-81.

hooks, bell. Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice. Taylor and Francis, 2012.

Jones, Mack H. Knowledge, Power, and Black Politics: Collected Essays, State University of New York Press, 2014.

Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government 1970, edited by Peter Laslett, Cambridge UP, 2018.

Lowe, Lisa. “A Dialogue between the Soul and the Body.” Social Text 125, vol. 33, no. 4, Winter 2015, pp. 85-107.

Melamed, Jodi. “Some Like It Hot: From Racial Liberalism to Neoliberal Multiculturalism.” Social Text 89, vol. 24, no. 4, Winter 2006, pp. 1-24.

Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Harvard UP, 1992.

Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. “Racial Formations.” Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study, edited by Paula S. Rothenberg, seventh edition, St. Martin's Press, 2007, pp. 13-22.

Zacharias, Greg. “The Language of Light and Dark and James’s Moral Argument in the Golden Bowl.” Papers on Language and Literature, vol. 26, no. 2, Spring 1990, pp. 249-270.

Other Basic MLA 8^th edition requirements are as follows:

• Page borders 1 inch on all sides
• Title is centered and written in eligible font and font size (12 point, Times New Roman). The title is not bolded, underlined, or italicized. Also, there is no period at the end of the title.
• Paragraph alignment – left
• Double spacing throughout the pages; do not single space any part of your work.
• The block quote is indented 0.5 inch from the left. Take note of the line after the block quote.